Vol. 3, Issue 4

Abstract

As crime and justice evolve, traditional instruction falls short of 21st-century demands, making transformative pedagogical approaches essential for fostering learner-centered, outcome-based education rooted in real-world application. This study evaluated the effectiveness and implementation challenges of transformative pedagogical approaches in criminology education as a basis for learner-centered, outcome-based education. Centered on key domains—application, association, generalization, preparation, presentation, and hybrid learning—the study explored how these innovative strategies contribute to bridging theory and practice in criminology. Utilizing quantitative descriptive design and employing validated survey tools, responses from students and faculty were analyzed using median scores and the Mann-Whitney U test. Findings revealed that transformative pedagogies were consistently rated as very effective, with the domain of preparation receiving the highest median, underscoring their impact on real-world readiness. Hybrid learning, though effective, received the lowest median among the domains, indicating areas for improvement in digital instruction and engagement. There were no significant differences between students' and faculty's perceptions, indicating shared recognition of these methods’ value. However, issues such as inadequate community outreach and lack of laboratory apparatus were rated as serious, presenting notable implementation challenges. Information technology was also identified as a less serious but relevant concern, particularly in relation to digital access and hybrid learning delivery. The study developed strategic measures addressing these issues, including the enhancement of experiential learning, infrastructure, technological integration, and faculty upskilling. A learner- centered, outcome-based education (LCOBE) model was formulated from the findings, aligning transformative strategies with measurable learning outcomes across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The study contributes significantly to the reformation of criminology education by offering an inclusive, practical, and student- centered framework that prepares learners for the complexities of modern criminal justice practice.

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This study aimed to examine the role of student-athletes in identifying the key challenges affecting their athletic, academic, social, and personal responsibilities at Arellano University. The study explored how student-athletes perceive and manage their multiple roles, highlighting the tension between Aristotle’s concept of eudaimonia, which emphasizes the pursuit of a meaningful and flourishing life, and Kantian duty, which underscores responsibility, structure, and moral obligation. While athletic participation provides opportunities for personal growth and excellence, it also carries external expectations from coaches, institutions, families, and cultural norms. Employing a descriptive research methodology, the study described, documented, analyzed, and interpreted the current conditions to determine how student-athletes balance their academic, athletic, social, and personal responsibilities and the strategies they employ to maintain equilibrium. Findings indicate that student-athletes prioritize education while navigating rigorous athletic demands, yet many experience burnout and role conflict, particularly when attempting to fulfill the expectations of being students, athletes, and friends simultaneously. Emotional support from peers, family, and teammates emerged as a key factor in maintaining well-being, although challenges in managing academic and athletic stress remain. To cope, student-athletes often utilize strategies such as open communication with professors, coaches, and peers. The study recommends that student-athletes engage consistently in proactive communication, make use of academic support services, and leverage institutional resources to improve mental health, academic flexibility, and holistic development. These measures aim to foster a balanced, integrated, and successful student-athlete experience, promoting both personal growth and academic achievement.

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This study examines the operational factors that influence job efficiency among Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) units, integrating quantitative assessments to identify key predictors of performance. Using a correlational research design anchored in the Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model and Boyd’s OODA Loop, data were collected from 98 NCR-based SWAT personnel through validated Likert-scale questionnaires. Descriptive results indicate consistently high ratings across all operational dimensions (overall M = 4.23, SD = 0.10), with Team Cohesion (M = 4.35) and Communication Systems (M = 4.31) emerging as the most effective factors. Job efficiency was likewise rated highly (overall M = 4.28, SD = 0.19), with Situational Awareness (M = 4.57) and Response Time (M = 4.48) ranking highest. Correlation analysis reveals strong and significant relationships between operational factors and efficiency indicators, most notably Leadership and Situational Awareness (r = .935, p < .001) and Team Cohesion with Collaboration (r = .827, p < .001). Regression results further identify Tactical Training as the strongest predictor of Tactical Proficiency (B = .675, p < .001), Equipment Availability as the primary driver of Decision-Making Accuracy (B = .545, p < .001), and Team Cohesion as the dominant influence on both Collaboration (B = .539, p < .001) and Situational Awareness (B = .819, p < .001). The findings underscore that job efficiency is maximized when human-centered factors—cohesion, leadership, communication, decision-making skills—are supported by reliable training and equipment resources. The study recommends leadership development, scenario-based decision training, communication protocol standardization, and strengthened equipment management. A holistic approach that integrates technical, cognitive, and relational capacities is essential for enhancing performance, resilience, and public trust in high-risk SWAT operations.

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The effectiveness of crime investigation depends greatly on the competencies of investigators, which are shaped by both internal and external factors. Guided by Competency Theory, which emphasizes the ability to perform tasks efficiently and effectively—especially in demanding roles like police work—this study explored several key questions. It examined the qualifications of investigators that contribute to effective crime-solving, their perspectives on external influences such as threats and opportunities, and their views on internal factors such as strengths and weaknesses. The study also looked into how investigators experience and manage issues related to these external and internal forces. Using a qualitative phenomenological approach, insights were gathered from ten trained and experienced investigators from the Quezon City Police District. Through Thematic and TOWS analyses, twelve major themes emerged: administration and supervision; knowledge, skills, and attitude; human resources and communication; critical thinking; force multipliers; the criminal justice system; organized crime groups; political interference; modernized investigation methods; data-driven information systems; and cybercrime. Based on these findings, a strategic action plan was developed aiming to enhance investigator competency, strengthen surveillance and crime tracking, address organized crime, upgrade investigative technology, and uphold ethical investigative practices.

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This study assessed the Human Resource Management (HRM) practices, specifically recruitment and selection, of the Police Regional Office Bangsamoro Autonomous Region (PRO BAR) to inform an enhanced strategic framework. Employing a descriptive-quantitative design, the research analyzed the level of implementation of current practices, their resulting effectiveness, and the degree of seriousness of challenges encountered. Findings reveal that PRO BAR's contemporary recruitment and selection practices are Largely Implemented, particularly regarding the use of the "Faceless and Nameless" system and comprehensive testing. This high-level implementation directly translates into Highly Effective personnel outcomes across all competency domains, including Job Knowledge, Cognitive Ability, Personality, Integrity, and Physical Fitness. Crucially, the analysis refuted the perception of a lack of qualified regional applicants. However, the efficacy of the system is severely threatened by Very Serious (VS) challenges that are structural and logistical. The most critical impediments are budgetary constraints limiting thorough background and medical investigations, geographical/security issues impeding on-the-ground vetting, and pervasive IT infrastructure deficiencies causing procedural delays. Challenges related to political intervention were rated as only Moderately Serious, suggesting the success of internal systemic buffers. The study concludes that while the policy framework is sound and effective, its full potential is constrained by resource scarcity and operational logistics in the BARMM environment. Recommendations focus on securing strategic funding and upgrading CORES infrastructure to ensure the integrity and speed of the personnel acquisition process.

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This dissertation employed a descriptive-evaluative design to examine the impact of Civil Military Operations (CMOs) on local governance and community development in Aurora Province, Philippines. Focusing on the three CMO pillars—Psychological Operations, Civil Affairs, and Public Affairs—the study assessed their implementation and effectiveness beyond counterinsurgency functions, emphasizing their developmental contributions. Quantitative data were gathered through structured surveys from 380 stakeholders, including local officials, military personnel, and community members. Using SPSS, the study found significant correlations between stakeholder awareness, participation, and the perceived effectiveness of CMO initiatives. Analysis at the barangay level revealed varying levels of implementation and effectiveness across communities, indicating uneven delivery of CMO activities. The research also evaluated socio-economic outcomes, identifying both positive effects on infrastructure, livelihood projects, and community well-being, as well as negative outcomes related to unmet needs and gaps in responsiveness. Based on these insights, the study developed a strategic framework aimed at improving CMO performance through enhanced community engagement and stronger alignment with local development priorities. This framework provides practical recommendations for military planners, policymakers, and local government units. Overall, the study offers an evidence-based assessment of CMO operations in Aurora Province, contributing to a deeper understanding of their role in promoting sustainable community development.

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This exploratory qualitative research sought to examine the Philippine Criminology curriculum through the unique and often underexplored lens of the Program Advisory Board (PAB). By engaging seven experienced PAB members in semi-structured interviews, the study facilitated in-depth, reflective conversations that reached data saturation, allowing the researcher to construct a “thick description” of participants’ insights, values, and experiences. The use of thematic analysis provided a structured yet flexible approach to identifying patterns and meanings across the interviews, leading to the emergence of four key themes: “Vanguard Counsel Beyond the Meeting Room,” “Navigating Modern Criminology with Technology, Practice, and Ethical Policing,” “Igniting Learning Through Experience,” and “Synergy for Success.” These themes collectively underscore the indispensable role of the PAB in shaping and enriching the criminology curriculum. Far from being passive consultants, PAB members see themselves as active contributors who bring industry-aligned perspectives that help bridge academic theory with practical realities. The research findings stress that regular and meaningful engagement with the PAB is crucial in ensuring that the curriculum remains responsive to the evolving demands of law enforcement, criminal justice systems, and societal expectations. Moreover, the study reveals a growing consensus among PAB members on the urgency of embedding modern technological tools and ethical frameworks into criminology education. These elements are critical to preparing graduates for the complex challenges of contemporary policing and investigative work. Equally significant is the emphasis on experiential learning—such as fieldwork, simulations, and practitioner-led training—which was viewed as vital to enhancing student competence and confidence. Lastly, the findings highlight that strong collaboration and synergy between the academe and advisory boards are key drivers of sustained curricular relevance, innovation, and professional alignment, ensuring that criminology graduates are well-equipped for real-world demands.

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This study assessed the competency and security functions of hotel guards in selected 4-star and 5-star hotels in Pasig City to develop a proposed hotel security management plan. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research involved 117 hotel security personnel with at least three years of experience. Data were collected through a validated questionnaire and follow-up interviews. The study measured the level of implementation of hotel security functions—specifically in safety and security, guest and staff interaction, and administrative tasks—and evaluated guard competencies in seven domains: observation, communication, problem-solving, knowledge of procedures, emergency response, legal awareness, and customer service. Results indicated varying levels of implementation and competency across hotel types and respondent groups. A significant relationship was found between competence and the effectiveness of security function implementation. Qualitative findings revealed challenges such as limited training, outdated security technology, and gaps in emergency response. A comprehensive security management plan was proposed to address these issues. The study offers insights for hotel managers and security professionals in strengthening hotel safety systems, enhancing guest trust, and supporting overall operational integrity.

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The study titled “Responsiveness of the Cyber Security Operation Center of the Philippine National Police to Data Breaches: Basis for Enhancement” evaluated how effectively the PNP CSOC addresses data breaches, the challenges it faces, and areas for improvement. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the researchers gathered data from 45 PNP personnel through surveys and interviewed 5 CSOC staff. The investigation covered four major domains: Detection and Analysis; Mitigation, Isolation, and Recovery; Post-Incident Activity; and Prevention and Monitoring. Results showed that while real-time monitoring and machine-learning tools supported effective detection, issues such as high data volume, alert fatigue, complex threats, limited system visibility, and inadequate training remained. Mitigation and recovery protocols worked well for familiar threats but were less effective for emerging attacks, with delays in restoring systems and insufficient automation. Post-incident procedures lacked consistency due to missing standardized templates and limited time, though sharing insights and lessons learned was practiced. Prevention and monitoring strategies functioned adequately but required more advanced detection tools, regular updates, and stronger threat intelligence integration. Overall, the study found that although the PNP CSOC has a solid foundation, improvements in technology, training, policy development, procedures, and inter-agency cooperation are essential. Recommendations focused on upgrading cybersecurity tools, enhancing continuous training, formalizing protocols, strengthening threat intelligence sharing, and increasing resources.

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This study explored the coping strategies of families with patients diagnosed with Hirschsprung’s Disease. Interviews were conducted with two participants who shared their coping strategies, struggles, and experiences in caring for their child with the disease. The data collected from the interviews were organized into themes, including challenges faced by families, coping strategies, navigation of the healthcare system, social support, and finding meaning and purpose in caring for a child with Hirschsprung’s Disease. The findings shed light on the impact of the disease on families, including their understanding of the condition, effects on daily routines, emotional well-being, and quality of life. The study highlighted the importance of providing families with comprehensive information and education to help them comprehend the challenges associated with the disease. It also emphasized the need for support and resources to assist families in navigating challenges, especially during times of crisis. The study revealed disruptions and challenges in managing care and the financial burden imposed by the disease, underscoring the importance of practical support and resources. The emotional well-being and quality of life of families were significantly affected, emphasizing the need for comprehensive support, including counseling and mental health resources. The study also highlighted challenges in accessing appropriate healthcare facilities and understanding necessary care practices, emphasizing the importance of accessible and affordable healthcare services and educational resources. The level of support and resources available to families varied, highlighting the need for accessible and approachable healthcare professionals who can offer emotional support and guidance. Overall, the findings underscore the importance of providing families with comprehensive support, education, and resources to improve their understanding, daily routines, emotional well-being, and ability to navigate medical care and access support networks.

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This research aimed to rigorously evaluate the safety and security framework within a Higher Education Institution (HEI) in Dagupan City, Philippines. The study's core purpose was to generate empirical data to inform and validate necessary enhancements to the institution's existing security manual. Employing a descriptive quantitative research design and utilizing a survey method, the study systematically assessed key security dimensions: the level of awareness among stakeholders, the extent of institutional implementation, the perceived effectiveness of practices, and the seriousness of associated challenges. The assessment spanned three critical security domains: Physical, Personnel, and Information/Document Security. The diverse and comprehensive study population included security personnel, general employees, parents, and students. The findings indicate a remarkably positive and robust perception of the university's safety environment. Stakeholders consistently reported that security practices across all three assessed domains were "Very Implemented" and were perceived as highly effective. Awareness levels regarding these measures were also found to be uniformly high across the campus community. Furthermore, the challenges encountered during the implementation of these practices were not considered serious impediments, registering an overall median rating of "Slightly Serious" (SS). However, the analysis identified one significant, statistically-backed divergence: a distinct perceptual gap among different stakeholder groups regarding the effectiveness of Information and Document Security measures. This research confirms the HEI's strong overall security posture but highlights the specific need to address the inconsistency in the perceived efficacy of its information security protocols across its community.

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Community safety and security are great concerns in most urban areas today, including the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA) premises, which are comprised of confined housing neighborhood estates and Homeowners Associations (HOA). It is in this regard that the researcher engaged in a study that aimed to assess the security management in residential villages under the SBMA through stakeholder perceptions, effectiveness of implementation, and challenges to suggest an improved security management framework. Approaching this study through mixed methods, particularly through a sequential explanatory design, the study underwent quantitative survey data collection with homeowners' association (HOA) leaders, residents, and security officers in four gated communities, as well as qualitative interviews with key informants among the stakeholders. Results showed that security controls—physical, personal, and document-oriented—were assessed as "well implemented" by HOA leaders and residents but "very well implemented" by security staff. Perceptual gaps emerged in terms of document security and stakeholder engagement, with residents having low participation in planning, implementation, and evaluation compared to HOA leaders and security personnel. Major challenges that emerged include physical infrastructure deficiencies, repair delays, visitor and vendor vulnerabilities, and staffing and maintenance deficits, among others.

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